明朝那些事儿读后感3000字反复探究明成祖讲官的智慧与勇气
明成祖与讲官：《明成祖问讲官》这篇文章以文言文形式展开，深刻揭示了君子与小人的本质差异。文章中，明成祖询问讲官：“今日说何书？”讲官答以：“《论语》，其中既有君子的章句，也有小人的品行。”接着，明成祖追问：“为何君子难以向上易于退下，小人却易于登高难以下降？”讲官解释道：“小人之所以能逞才而无耻，是因为他们缺乏道义的约束；而君子则守持着高尚的道德，不欲不求。”又进一步探讨，“为什么在朝廷中，小人们常常能够取得胜利？”讲官回答说：“这是因为上位者的喜好和恶感总是倾向于选择那些符合其品格的人。如果国家有一个英明的领袖，他必然会提拔那些品德高尚的人。”最后，面对明成祖的问题“即便如此，上位者是否也会用到小人才干的人物”，讲官给出了肯定的答案：“确实，有些不可放弃的小人，我们必须时刻警醒并告诫他们，以免出现过失。”
【注释】警饬指的是不断地提醒和告诫。
【翻译】In this article, the emperor Ming Chengzu inquires a lecturer about the books to be read, and the lecturer responds by mentioning Confucius' Analects. The emperor then asks why it is that virtuous men are difficult to promote but easy to dismiss, while wicked men are easily promoted but hard to dismiss. The lecturer explains that wicked men are prone to boasting without shame because they lack moral constraints, whereas virtuous men adhere to high moral standards and seek nothing beyond their duties. The emperor further inquires as to why wicked men often succeed in courtly affairs, and the lecturer replies that it is because those in power tend towards individuals whose character aligns with their own preferences. Finally, when asked if even such rulers would not employ talented but unscrupulous individuals, the lecturer affirms that indeed there may be certain wicked people who cannot be ignored; constant vigilance and advice must be maintained lest they commit mistakes.
【练习】
Explain the meaning of underlined phrases:
(1) 成祖顾问讲官（）
(2) 君子守道而无欲（）
Translate underlined sentences into modern Chinese:
小人果有不可弃者，须常警饬之，不使有过可也
Why does "small person" find it easy both to advance and retreat? Answer using original text.
In Sun Quan's Outlines for an Expedition Against Wu (出师表), he advocates for distancing oneself from petty people; however, this passage suggests otherwise about using such individuals effectively. Which perspective do you lean towards? Please explain your thoughts.
【Answer】
1.
(1) Look
(2) Morality/Truth
Surely there exist talents among small people which cannot be abandoned; we must constantly remind them so as not to allow them any room for error.
Small people find it easy both to advance and retreat due to their boastful nature devoid of shame.
To express one's reasoning suffices.
Note: This passage offers insights into how Ming Chengzu valued virtue over talent or cunning in his officials while ruling China during his reign from 1402-1424 AD
