反复探究明成祖时期讲官的阅读习惯与翻译技巧以及元朝饮食文化PPT的精髓
明成祖与讲官的对话：《明成祖问讲官》是一篇文言文，这篇文章深刻揭示了君子与小人的本质差异。文章中，明成祖询问讲官：“今日说何书？”讲官答以：“《论语》君子小人和同章。”接着，明成祖追问：“何以君子难进易退，小人易进难退？”讲官解释道：“小人逞才而无耻，君子守道而无欲。”又被问及“何以小人之势常胜”，讲官回答说：“此系上之人好恶，如明主在上，必君子胜矣。”最后，被问到“明主在上，都不用小人乎？”，讲校给出了答案：“小人果有不可弃者，须常警饬之，不使有过可也。”
【注释】
①警饬：警告、告诫。
【翻译】
The dialogue between Ming Chengzu and the lecturer: "Ming Chengzu Asks the Lecturer" is a text in classical Chinese. This text profoundly contrasts the nature of gentlemen and commoners. In this conversation, Ming Chengzu asks the lecturer, "What book shall we discuss today?" The lecturer replies, "It should be 'Analects', as it contains chapters on both gentlemen and commoners." Then, Ming Chengzu further questions, "Why are gentlemen difficult to promote but easy to demote, while commoners are easy to promote but hard to demote?" The lecturer explains that it is because "common people show off their talents without shame while gentlemen maintain integrity without desires." When asked why common people often prevail in power struggles, the lecturer answers that it depends on whether those in authority prefer virtue or not; if they do favor virtue when they rule supreme, then virtuous individuals will surely triumph. Lastly, when asked if rulers who govern with wisdom would ever employ unscrupulous individuals under them? The lecturer responds that there might be exceptional cases where such people cannot be ignored; one must constantly remind them lest they commit mistakes.
【Modern Interpretation】
Explain words marked by lines:
(1) Why does Ming Chengzu consult with the lecturer?
(2) What does "君子守道而无欲" mean?
Translate sentences marked by lines into modern Chinese:
"You must always keep an eye out for any missteps from such individuals."
Why are common people easier to promote than demote?
Answer using original text: Because they show off their talents without shame.
Both Confucius' student Zhuge Liang in his letter Outlines of a Plan for War advocates avoiding petty men (those who lack integrity), yet your passage suggests even unscrupulous individuals can have value.
Which viewpoint do you lean towards? Please explain your perspective.
【Answers]
1,
2,
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