明朝第17位帝王是谁啊反复提问的明成祖询问讲官关于阅读与翻译的深度理解
明成祖与讲官的对话：《明成祖问讲官》是一篇古文，通过这篇文章，我们可以窥见君子与小人的差异，“小人骄才而无耻，君子守道而无欲。” 明成祖询问讲官：“今日讨论何书？”讲官答曰：“《论语》中有君子小人之别。”又问：“为何君子难以进取易于退步，小人则易于进取却难以退步？”讲官回应说：“小人自满而不羞耻，君子谨守道德而无私欲。”明成祖进一步探究：“为何小人的势力常胜？”讲官解释说：“这是因为上层人物的喜好和偏好，如在明主统治下，必定是忠诚的人才能占上风。”接着，他又问：“在明主统治下，不会完全排斥小人才是吗？”讲官回答说：“虽然存在不可忽视的小人才素质，但必须时刻警惕其过错，不让他们犯错。”
注释：
①警饬：提醒、告诫。
翻译：
The Dialogue between Ming Chengzu and the Lecturer: This ancient text, "Ming Chengzu Asks the Lecturer," reveals the distinction between a gentleman and a petty man. "A petty man boasts of his abilities without shame, while a gentleman adheres to virtue without desire." Ming Chengzu inquires of the lecturer: "What book shall we discuss today?" The lecturer responds: "There is a difference between gentlemen and petty men in 'Analects'." He further asks: "Why do gentlemen find it difficult to advance but easy to retreat, while petty men find it easy to advance but difficult to retreat?" The lecturer answers: "Petty men are self-satisfied without shame, while gentlemen are virtuous without private desires." Ming Chengzu then questions: "Why does the power of petty men prevail consistently?" The lecturer explains that this is because superiors favor those who conform to their tastes or preferences. Under such circumstances, only virtuous individuals can thrive. Next, he queries whether one can entirely dismiss petty men when there is a wise ruler? The lecturer replies that although there may be some talents among them worth retaining, one must constantly remind them not to make mistakes.
Exercises:
Interpret words marked with lines.
(1) Why did Ming Chengzu consult with the lecturer?
(2) What does it mean for someone to guard against overstepping?
Explain these sentences in modern Chinese.
A petty man boasts of his abilities without shame.
Why is it said that “petty men find it easy to advance but difficult to retreat”?
Answer using original text.
In Outlines by Zhuge Liang (Liu Bei's advisor), he advocates for “excluding small people.” However, this passage suggests that even small people have value. Which viewpoint do you lean towards? Explain your perspective.
Answer:
1,
(1) Consultation
(2) Vigilance
2,
Although there are some qualities in petit folk worth preserving, they should always be reminded lest they transgress.
3,
Because petits boast their talents unashamedly.
4,
Justifying principles suffices.
Confidence: 95%
